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Manufacturer: Witherbys

Insuring Cargoes - A Practical Guide to the Law and Practice 2023, 2nd Edition

£225.00

This is a comprehensive guide to underwriting and claims practices for insurance practitioners. It covers topics such as marine insurance and international trade, the basic principles of marine cargo insurance, cargo loss prevention, policy construction and insurable interest.

ISBN: 9781914992452

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Overview
eBooks - Witherby

Published: March 2023

This book provides a comprehensive introduction to international trade and cargo insurance, before outlining the various requirements for insurable interests reflecting the fundamental indemnity principle of marine insurance and the legal prohibition against gaming and wagering. It also explains marine open cover and details insuring clauses alongside the inherent vice and delay exclusions from specific clauses. To give the reader an understanding of insurance contracts, contract certainty in policies is explained before discussing the cargo claims and the cargo recovery process.

The second edition has been expanded to address the many changes in marine insurance law since the release of the first edition. These developments include the ‘Cendor MOPU’, newer editions of Institute Cargo and Trade Clauses, developing case laws, the Insurance Act 2015 and Incoterms 2020, to mention a few. New chapters in the book also include delay and inherent vice exclusions, war and strikes, rejection risks, contract certainty in policies, non-Institute Clauses and recoveries. The insurable interest and contingency chapters have also been revised as the expected reforms in this regard have not been undertaken.

This book will be of great use to practitioners as a complement to more academic texts. It is commended to any reader interested in marine cargo insurance and is a useful tool for law firms, underwriters, adjusters and surveyors.

Table of Contents

About the Author	7.6 Insuring Inherent Vice
Foreword to the 1st Edition	7.7 Summary
Foreword to the 2nd Edition	7.8 Delay
Preface to the 2nd Edition	7.9 Pre-MIA 1906 Cases
Abbreviations	7.9.1 Taylor v Dunbar (1869)
Case Law List	7.9.2 Pink and Others v Fleming (1890)
1. Introduction to International Trade and Cargo Insurance	7.10 Post-1906 Cases
1.1 Cargo Families	7.10.1 Becker Gray & Co v London Assurance Corporation (the ‘Kattenturm’) (1918)
1.2 Dangerous Goods	7.10.2 Leyland Shipping Co Ltd v Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd (1918)
1.3 Ships and their Classification	7.10.3 Yorkshire Dale Steamship Co Ltd v Minister of War Transport (the ‘Coxwold’) (1942)
1.4 Flag of Convenience (FOC)	7.11 The Delay Exclusion in ICC 1982/2009
1.5 Classification	7.12 Scenarios
1.6 Chartered Ships	7.13 FCA Test Case
1.7 Protection and Indemnity Clubs	8. Insuring Terms 3 – Named Perils
1.8 The ISM Code	8.1 Institute Cargo Clauses (B) and (C)
1.9 The ISPS Code	8.2 (B) and (C) Causation Rules
1.10 Ship Selection	8.3 (B) and (C) Perils: Subject to Reasonably Attributable to
1.11 The Container Revolution	8.3.1 Fire or Explosion
1.12 Mechanism of Containerisation	8.3.2 Stranded, Grounded, Sunk or Capsized
1.13 Verified Gross Mass (VGM)	8.3.3 Overturning and Derailment of Land Conveyance
1.14 Impact on Marine Insurance	8.3.4 Collision or Contact
1.15 Financing of International Trade	8.3.5 Discharge of Cargo at a Port of Distress
1.16 Cargo Insurance and International Trade	8.3.6 Earthquake, Volcanic Eruption or Lightning
1.17 Responsibility to Arrange Cargo Insurance	8.4 (B) and (C) Perils: Subject to Caused by
1.18 Insurance	8.4.1 General Average Sacrifice
1.19 Impediments to Trade	8.4.2 Jettison or Washing Overboard
1.20 What is Marine Cargo Insurance?	8.4.3 Entry of Water
1.21 Marine Cargo Insurance Contract	8.4.4 Total Loss of Package
1.22 The Marine Cargo Policy	8.5 General Average
1.23 Principles Governing Marine Cargo Insurance	8.6 Exclusions
1.24 Utmost Good Faith	8.7 Institute Theft, Pilferage and/or Non-Delivery CL.272, 01.12.82
1.25 Duty of Disclosure, S.18	8.8 Theft, Pilferage and/or Non-delivery (TPND) and Piracy
1.26 Voidable Nature of Contract, S.18(1)	9. Insuring Terms 4 – Trade Clauses
1.27 Pre-Contractual Duty, S.18(1)	9.1 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 1
1.28 Continuing Duty (Post Contractual)	9.2 Perils
1.29 Materiality and Inducement, S.18(2)	9.3 Leakage from Connecting Pipelines
1.30 Exceptions to the Duty of Disclosure, S.18(3)	9.4 Underground Pipelines
1.31 Disclosure by Agent Effecting Insurance, S.19	9.5 Negligence during Pumping
1.32 Representations Pending Negotiation of Contract	9.6 Contamination from Stress of Weather
1.33 Criticisms of the Law of Good Faith	9.7 Exclusions
1.34 The Insurance Act 2015	9.8 Duration
1.35 Duty of Fair Representation	9.9 Movements by Craft and Barge Tankers
1.36 Impact of the Insurance Act 2015	9.10 Delivery of Whole Consignment or Each Portion Thereof?
1.37 Proportional Remedies	9.11 Adjustment Clause
1.38 Preparation Needed Under the IA 2015 Regime	9.11.1 Explanation
1.39 Fraud and the Duty of Good Faith	9.12 Readjustment of Claim
1.40 Indemnity	9.13 Contamination Claims – Need for All Risks Cover
1.41 Agreed Value – A Detailed Discussion	9.14 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 2
1.42 Insurable Interest	9.15 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 3
1.43 Subrogation	9.16 Exclusions
1.44 Contribution	9.17 JCC Storage Extension Clauses for Bulk Oils
1.45 Common Liability Method	9.18 Institute Coal Clauses: Clause No 393, 01.05.16
1.46 Independent Liability Method	9.19 Heating and Spontaneous Combustion
1.47 Maximum Liability Method	9.20 Duration
1.48 Warranties	9.21 Craft Risks
1.49 Types of Warranties	9.22 Barging Risks
1.50 Examples of Express Warranties in Cargo Insurance	9.23 Institute Timber Trade Clause No 405, 01.05.16
1.51 The Literal Performance/Strict Compliance Rule under the MIA 1906	9.24 Piracy
1.52 The Position under the Insurance Act 2015	9.25 Exclusions
1.53 Burden of Proof	9.26 Duration
1.54 Contracting Out	10. Insuring Terms 5 – Cargoes Requiring a Controlled Environment
2. Insurable Interest 1	10.1 Types of Controlled Environment
2.1 Introduction	10.2 Underwriting Considerations
2.2 Insurable Interest Defined	10.3 Slow Steaming
2.3 Legal or Equitable Relationship	10.4 Temperature Recording Devices
2.4 Prejudiced by Loss … Benefit by Safety	10.4.1 Ryan Recorder (Analogue Temperature Recorder)
2.5 Supreme Court of Canada’s View on Macaura	10.4.2 Data Loggers
2.6 Supreme Court of Canada’s View on Broadgrain Commodities	10.4.3 TempTale® (and Other Digital Temperature Recorders)
2.7 Insurable Interests in Cargo	10.4.4 Sensors/Probes
2.8 International Trade under Contracts of Sale	10.4.5 Remote Sensing Systems
2.9 Risk v Title Dichotomy	10.5 Institute/JCC Clauses for Frozen/Chilled Foods and Meat
2.10 Timing of Insurable Interest	10.6 Changes in 2017 Edition
2.11 Lost or Not Lost	10.7 Institute Clauses for Frozen Foods
2.12 Assignment of Policy and Interest	10.8 Peril Clauses
2.13 Interplay of Various Sections of the MIA 1906	10.8.1 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (C), Clause No 431
2.14 Insurable Interest of a Buyer	10.8.2 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (A), 24 Hours Breakdown, Clause No 423
2.15 Insurable Interest of the CIF Seller	10.8.3 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (A), Clause No 430
2.16 Concluding Remarks	10.9 Exclusions
3. Insurable Interest 2 – Contingency Covers	10.9.1 Inherent Vice
3.1 Seller’s Interest	10.9.2 Loss of Market
3.2 Reasons for Rejection of Documents/Goods	10.9.3 Refrigerated, Insulated and Cooled
3.3 Key Features of Seller’s Interest Cover	10.9.4 Embargo, Rejection, etc
3.4 Additional Clauses in Seller’s Interest	10.10 Duration Clause
3.5 Contingency Cover for CIF/CIP Seller	10.11 Frozen Food Extension Clause, No 422
3.6 Buyer’s Interest	10.12 Frozen/Chilled Meat Extension Clauses, No 429
3.6.1 Stage of Transit	10.13 War and Strikes – Institute Strikes Clauses (Frozen/Chilled Food), No 424
3.6.2 CIF Purchases	10.14 Frozen/Chilled Meat
3.6.3 Tail-end Risks	10.15 Perils
3.6.4 Difference in Conditions (DIC)/Difference in Limits (DIL) Extensions	10.16 Exclusions
3.7 Achieving Seamless Covers Irrespective of Terms of Sale	10.17 Duration
3.8 Guarantee of Collectability	10.18 The Adjustment Clause
4. Marine Open Cover	10.19 War and Strikes – Institute Strikes Clauses (Frozen/Chilled Meat), No 428
4.1 What is an Open Cover?	11. Insuring Terms 6 – Non-Institute Clauses
4.2 Advantages	11.1 Introduction
4.3 Assured	11.2 Accumulation
4.4 Period	11.3 Airfreight Replacement (Expediting Expenses)
4.5 Cancellation Clause	11.4 Apportionment of Recoveries
4.6 Interest Insured	11.5 Arrest
4.7 Treatment of Packing Materials	11.6 Art and Antiques (Depreciation)
4.8 Conveyances	11.7 Assured
4.9 Use of Own Vehicles	11.8 Bagged Cargo Clause
4.10 Voyage/Geographical Limits	11.9 Brand, Label and Trademark Protection
4.11 Basis of Valuation	11.9.1 Labels Clause
4.12 Limits of Liability	11.9.2 Brands and Trademark Clause
4.13 Per Bottom Limit	11.10 Control of Damaged Goods
4.14 Location Limit	11.11 Claused Bill of Lading
4.15 Meaning of Location	11.12 Commingling
4.16 Accumulation at Ports of Loading and Discharge	11.13 Concealed Damage (Delayed Discovery of Loss)
4.17 Location Limit and Overseas Buyers	11.14 Containers
4.18 Limits and Co-Assureds	11.14.1 Container Fitness
4.19 Limits of Liability and Condition of Average	11.14.2 Container Demurrage
4.20 Limit Per Location and Freight Forwarders	11.14.3 Container Handover
4.21 Accumulation Clause	11.14.4 Container Seals
4.22 Terms of Cover	11.15 Contingency
4.23 Declaration (Bordereau)	11.15.1 Incoterms® Rules Override Clause
4.24 Late Declaration or Omission to Declare	11.15.2 Cover for Fob (or Similar Purchases)
4.25 Certificate of Insurance	11.15.3 Seller’s Interest Cover
4.26 Hold Harmless Clause	11.15.4 Buyer’s Interest Cover
4.27 Web-based Certificate Generation (E-Marine)	11.16 Continuation Clause
4.28 Certificate Versus Open Cover Terms	11.17 Country Damage
4.29 Nature of Open Cover Contract ‘for’ or Contract ‘of ’ Insurance	11.18 Cutting Clause
4.30 Certificate Issued for Individual Export Voyage	11.19 Debris Removal
4.31 Words of Incorporation in the Certificate	11.20 Deck Cargo
4.32 Certificate Mentioning the Open Cover Number	11.21 Deductible Clause
4.33 Certificate Mentioning ‘All Other Terms as Per Open Cover’	11.22 Duty/Customs Duty and Taxes
4.34 Certificate Mentioning Entities ‘for Whom the Assured has Instruction to Insure’	11.23 Exchange Rate (Currency Conversion)
4.35 Rights of an Unpaid Seller	11.24 Export Subsidies and Similar
4.36 Conclusion	11.25 Fraudulent Bill of Lading
4.37 Annual Sales Turnover Policies	11.26 Full General Average
4.38 Annual Sales Turnover Policies – A Critique	11.27 Fumigation
4.39 Cargo (Stock) Throughput Policies	11.28 Governmental Damage
4.40 Advantages of Stock Throughput Policies	11.28.1 Customs Clause
4.41 Illustrations of a Stock Throughput Policy	11.28.2 Deliberate Damage – Pollution Hazard
4.42 Challenges in Administering Stock Throughput Covers	11.29 Jurisdiction
4.43 Process Clause in Stock Throughput Covers	11.30 Letter of Credit
4.44 Standard Exclusions in a Stock Throughput Policy	11.31 Loading and Unloading
5. Insuring Terms 1 – Institute Classification Clause	11.32 Location
5.1 Main Provisions	11.33 Mechanical and Electrical Derangement (MEED)
5.2 Age Limitation	11.33.1 Usage
5.3 Non-qualifying Vessels	11.33.2 Meaning
5.4 Summary	11.33.3 Damage Detection Devices – Shock and Tilt Monitors
5.5 Transhipping Vessels	11.34 Packing
5.6 Craft	11.35 Pair and Set
5.7 Classification Clause	11.36 Pipeline Clause
5.8 SOLAS 1974	11.37 Peak Value/Automatic Increased Value
5.9 The International Safety Management (ISM) Code	11.38 Process
5.9.1 ISM Code and Marine Insurance	11.39 Reissue
5.10 ISM Forwarding Charges	11.40 Returned Goods
5.10.1 Compliance with the ISM Code	11.41 Salvage Loss
5.11 Summary and Concluding Remarks	11.42 Shut-out Shipment
5.12 ISM and Classification	11.43 Sight Draft Extension
5.13 The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code	11.44 Sorting/Segregation
5.13.1 ISPS Endorsements	11.45 Trade Loss
5.13.2 ISPS – Implications for Cargo Assureds	11.46 Travel and Accommodation
6. Insuring Terms 2 – Institute Cargo Clauses (A), CL.382, 01.01.09	11.47 Waiver of Subrogation
6.1 Background to Changes	12. Insuring Terms 7 – War and Related Perils
6.2 General Changes	12.1 Institute War Clauses (Cargo) CL.385, 01.01.09
6.3 Major Changes	12.2 Perils
6.4 Perils Clause	12.2.1 War
6.4.1 All Risks	12.2.2 Civil War
6.4.2 General Average	12.2.3 Revolution, Rebellion and Insurrection
6.4.3 Both to Blame Collision Claus	12.2.4 Civil Strife
6.5 Exclusions	12.2.5 Hostile Act by or against a Belligerent Power
6.5.1 Wilful Misconduct	12.2.6 Capture
6.5.2 Ordinary Losses	12.2.7 Seizure
6.5.3 Poor Packaging	12.2.8 Arrest
6.5.4 Inherent Vice	12.2.9 Restraint
6.5.5 Delay	12.2.10 Detainment
6.5.6 Insolvency	12.2.11 “… and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat”
6.5.7 Nuclear or Radioactive Devices	12.2.12 Derelict Mines etc
6.5.8 Unseaworthiness	12.3 Exclusions
6.5.9 Hostile Acts	12.3.1 The Frustration Clause
6.5.10 Strikes	12.3.2 Hostile Use of Weapons or Devices
6.6 Duration of Cover – 1	12.4 Waterborne Agreement
6.6.1 Background to Duration Clause, 2009 Edition	12.4.1 Duration
6.7 The Duration Clause in ICC 2009	12.4.2 Reattachment Provision (‘Held Covered’)
6.7.1 Attachment	12.4.3 Craft
6.7.2 Ordinary Course of Transit	12.5 Institute Strike, Riot, Civil Commotion (SRCC) CL 386, 01.01.09
6.7.3 Termination	12.5.1 Strike
6.8 Duration Clause Scenarios	12.5.2 Locked-out Workmen
6.8.1 Attachment of Cover Scenarios	12.5.3 Labour Disturbances
6.8.2 Continuation Scenario	12.5.4 Riot
6.8.3 Termination Scenarios	12.5.5 Civil Commotion
6.9 Other Markets	12.6 Terrorism
6.10 Duration of Cover – 2	12.7 General Average (GA)
6.10.1 Additional Premium under Clause 9	12.8 Exclusions
6.10.2 Can the Insurer Deny Extension of Cover Upon Receiving Notice under Clause 9?	12.8.1 Exclusion 3.7
6.11 Change of Voyage	12.8.2 Exclusion 3.8
6.11.1 Clause 10.2 – the Phantom Ship	12.8.3 Exclusion 3.10
6.12 Claims	12.9 Cancellation Clause in Open Covers
6.13 Forwarding Charges	12.10 Institute Malicious Damage Clause, CL.266, 01.08.82
6.13.1 Clause 12 – a ‘Supplementary Contract’?	12.11 Institute Radioactive Contamination (RACE) Clause
6.14 Constructive Total Loss	12.11.1 Extended Race Clause, No 356A/01.11.02
6.15 Increased Value	12.11.2 Dirty Bombs
6.16 Benefit of Insurance	12.11.3 Further Amendment Clause, No 370/10.11.03
6.17 Minimising Losses	12.11.4 Termination of Transit Clause (Terrorism) 2009, JC2009/056, 01.01.09
6.18 Waiver	12.12 Cyber Attack
6.19 Avoidance of Delay	13. Rejection Risks
6.20 Law and Practice	13.1 Origin of Rejection Risks Covers
6.21 Note	13.2 Concurrent Causation – Applicability to Exclusion 6.2/6.4
6.22 Premium to be Arranged – is there an Upper Limit?	13.3 Need for Rejection Risks
7. Inherent Vice and Delay Exclusions	13.4 Rejection Risks Insurance
7.1 Inherent Vice	13.5 Analysis of London May 1975 Rejection Clause
7.2 Meaning of Inherent Vice	13.6 Duration
7.3 Examples of Inherent Vice	13.6.1 Attachment
7.4 Mechanism of Condensation	13.6.2 Termination
7.5 Leading Case Law on Inherent Vice	13.7 Rejection Covers in other Major Markets
7.5.1 E D Sassoon & Co Ltd v Yorkshire Insurance Co (1923)	13.8 Underwriting Factors
7.5.2 C T Bowring & Co Ltd v Amsterdam London Insurance Co Ltd (1930)	13.9 Warranties
7.5.3 Soya GmbH Mainz Kommanditgesellschaft v White (1983)	14. Contract Certainty in Policies
7.5.4 Noten BV v Harding (1990)	14.1 Introduction
7.5.5 Mayban General Insurance BHD v Alstom Power Plants Ltd (2004)	14.2 Ambiguities
7.5.6 Nelson Marketing International Inc v Royal and Sun Alliance Insurance Co of	14.3 Contra Proferentem Rule
Canada (2005)	14.4 Ambiguities and Gaps in Coverage – Why they Arise
7.5.7 Feuiltault Solution Systems Inc v Zurich Canada (2021)	14.4.1 The Mining Industry
7.5.8 Global PROCESS Systems Inc and Another v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad	14.4.2 The Pharmaceutical Industry
(the ‘Cendor MOPU’) (2011)	14.5 Limitation to Contra Rule
7.5.9 ACE European Group Ltd and Others v Chartis Insurance UK Ltd (2012)	14.6 Interpreting Policy Terms – The Rise of Factual Matrix/Commercial Common Sense

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Published: March 2023

Table of Contents

About the Author	7.6 Insuring Inherent Vice
Foreword to the 1st Edition	7.7 Summary
Foreword to the 2nd Edition	7.8 Delay
Preface to the 2nd Edition	7.9 Pre-MIA 1906 Cases
Abbreviations	7.9.1 Taylor v Dunbar (1869)
Case Law List	7.9.2 Pink and Others v Fleming (1890)
1. Introduction to International Trade and Cargo Insurance	7.10 Post-1906 Cases
1.1 Cargo Families	7.10.1 Becker Gray & Co v London Assurance Corporation (the ‘Kattenturm’) (1918)
1.2 Dangerous Goods	7.10.2 Leyland Shipping Co Ltd v Norwich Union Fire Insurance Society Ltd (1918)
1.3 Ships and their Classification	7.10.3 Yorkshire Dale Steamship Co Ltd v Minister of War Transport (the ‘Coxwold’) (1942)
1.4 Flag of Convenience (FOC)	7.11 The Delay Exclusion in ICC 1982/2009
1.5 Classification	7.12 Scenarios
1.6 Chartered Ships	7.13 FCA Test Case
1.7 Protection and Indemnity Clubs	8. Insuring Terms 3 – Named Perils
1.8 The ISM Code	8.1 Institute Cargo Clauses (B) and (C)
1.9 The ISPS Code	8.2 (B) and (C) Causation Rules
1.10 Ship Selection	8.3 (B) and (C) Perils: Subject to Reasonably Attributable to
1.11 The Container Revolution	8.3.1 Fire or Explosion
1.12 Mechanism of Containerisation	8.3.2 Stranded, Grounded, Sunk or Capsized
1.13 Verified Gross Mass (VGM)	8.3.3 Overturning and Derailment of Land Conveyance
1.14 Impact on Marine Insurance	8.3.4 Collision or Contact
1.15 Financing of International Trade	8.3.5 Discharge of Cargo at a Port of Distress
1.16 Cargo Insurance and International Trade	8.3.6 Earthquake, Volcanic Eruption or Lightning
1.17 Responsibility to Arrange Cargo Insurance	8.4 (B) and (C) Perils: Subject to Caused by
1.18 Insurance	8.4.1 General Average Sacrifice
1.19 Impediments to Trade	8.4.2 Jettison or Washing Overboard
1.20 What is Marine Cargo Insurance?	8.4.3 Entry of Water
1.21 Marine Cargo Insurance Contract	8.4.4 Total Loss of Package
1.22 The Marine Cargo Policy	8.5 General Average
1.23 Principles Governing Marine Cargo Insurance	8.6 Exclusions
1.24 Utmost Good Faith	8.7 Institute Theft, Pilferage and/or Non-Delivery CL.272, 01.12.82
1.25 Duty of Disclosure, S.18	8.8 Theft, Pilferage and/or Non-delivery (TPND) and Piracy
1.26 Voidable Nature of Contract, S.18(1)	9. Insuring Terms 4 – Trade Clauses
1.27 Pre-Contractual Duty, S.18(1)	9.1 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 1
1.28 Continuing Duty (Post Contractual)	9.2 Perils
1.29 Materiality and Inducement, S.18(2)	9.3 Leakage from Connecting Pipelines
1.30 Exceptions to the Duty of Disclosure, S.18(3)	9.4 Underground Pipelines
1.31 Disclosure by Agent Effecting Insurance, S.19	9.5 Negligence during Pumping
1.32 Representations Pending Negotiation of Contract	9.6 Contamination from Stress of Weather
1.33 Criticisms of the Law of Good Faith	9.7 Exclusions
1.34 The Insurance Act 2015	9.8 Duration
1.35 Duty of Fair Representation	9.9 Movements by Craft and Barge Tankers
1.36 Impact of the Insurance Act 2015	9.10 Delivery of Whole Consignment or Each Portion Thereof?
1.37 Proportional Remedies	9.11 Adjustment Clause
1.38 Preparation Needed Under the IA 2015 Regime	9.11.1 Explanation
1.39 Fraud and the Duty of Good Faith	9.12 Readjustment of Claim
1.40 Indemnity	9.13 Contamination Claims – Need for All Risks Cover
1.41 Agreed Value – A Detailed Discussion	9.14 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 2
1.42 Insurable Interest	9.15 Institute Clauses for Bulk Oils – Part 3
1.43 Subrogation	9.16 Exclusions
1.44 Contribution	9.17 JCC Storage Extension Clauses for Bulk Oils
1.45 Common Liability Method	9.18 Institute Coal Clauses: Clause No 393, 01.05.16
1.46 Independent Liability Method	9.19 Heating and Spontaneous Combustion
1.47 Maximum Liability Method	9.20 Duration
1.48 Warranties	9.21 Craft Risks
1.49 Types of Warranties	9.22 Barging Risks
1.50 Examples of Express Warranties in Cargo Insurance	9.23 Institute Timber Trade Clause No 405, 01.05.16
1.51 The Literal Performance/Strict Compliance Rule under the MIA 1906	9.24 Piracy
1.52 The Position under the Insurance Act 2015	9.25 Exclusions
1.53 Burden of Proof	9.26 Duration
1.54 Contracting Out	10. Insuring Terms 5 – Cargoes Requiring a Controlled Environment
2. Insurable Interest 1	10.1 Types of Controlled Environment
2.1 Introduction	10.2 Underwriting Considerations
2.2 Insurable Interest Defined	10.3 Slow Steaming
2.3 Legal or Equitable Relationship	10.4 Temperature Recording Devices
2.4 Prejudiced by Loss … Benefit by Safety	10.4.1 Ryan Recorder (Analogue Temperature Recorder)
2.5 Supreme Court of Canada’s View on Macaura	10.4.2 Data Loggers
2.6 Supreme Court of Canada’s View on Broadgrain Commodities	10.4.3 TempTale® (and Other Digital Temperature Recorders)
2.7 Insurable Interests in Cargo	10.4.4 Sensors/Probes
2.8 International Trade under Contracts of Sale	10.4.5 Remote Sensing Systems
2.9 Risk v Title Dichotomy	10.5 Institute/JCC Clauses for Frozen/Chilled Foods and Meat
2.10 Timing of Insurable Interest	10.6 Changes in 2017 Edition
2.11 Lost or Not Lost	10.7 Institute Clauses for Frozen Foods
2.12 Assignment of Policy and Interest	10.8 Peril Clauses
2.13 Interplay of Various Sections of the MIA 1906	10.8.1 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (C), Clause No 431
2.14 Insurable Interest of a Buyer	10.8.2 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (A), 24 Hours Breakdown, Clause No 423
2.15 Insurable Interest of the CIF Seller	10.8.3 Institute Frozen/Chilled Food Clauses (A), Clause No 430
2.16 Concluding Remarks	10.9 Exclusions
3. Insurable Interest 2 – Contingency Covers	10.9.1 Inherent Vice
3.1 Seller’s Interest	10.9.2 Loss of Market
3.2 Reasons for Rejection of Documents/Goods	10.9.3 Refrigerated, Insulated and Cooled
3.3 Key Features of Seller’s Interest Cover	10.9.4 Embargo, Rejection, etc
3.4 Additional Clauses in Seller’s Interest	10.10 Duration Clause
3.5 Contingency Cover for CIF/CIP Seller	10.11 Frozen Food Extension Clause, No 422
3.6 Buyer’s Interest	10.12 Frozen/Chilled Meat Extension Clauses, No 429
3.6.1 Stage of Transit	10.13 War and Strikes – Institute Strikes Clauses (Frozen/Chilled Food), No 424
3.6.2 CIF Purchases	10.14 Frozen/Chilled Meat
3.6.3 Tail-end Risks	10.15 Perils
3.6.4 Difference in Conditions (DIC)/Difference in Limits (DIL) Extensions	10.16 Exclusions
3.7 Achieving Seamless Covers Irrespective of Terms of Sale	10.17 Duration
3.8 Guarantee of Collectability	10.18 The Adjustment Clause
4. Marine Open Cover	10.19 War and Strikes – Institute Strikes Clauses (Frozen/Chilled Meat), No 428
4.1 What is an Open Cover?	11. Insuring Terms 6 – Non-Institute Clauses
4.2 Advantages	11.1 Introduction
4.3 Assured	11.2 Accumulation
4.4 Period	11.3 Airfreight Replacement (Expediting Expenses)
4.5 Cancellation Clause	11.4 Apportionment of Recoveries
4.6 Interest Insured	11.5 Arrest
4.7 Treatment of Packing Materials	11.6 Art and Antiques (Depreciation)
4.8 Conveyances	11.7 Assured
4.9 Use of Own Vehicles	11.8 Bagged Cargo Clause
4.10 Voyage/Geographical Limits	11.9 Brand, Label and Trademark Protection
4.11 Basis of Valuation	11.9.1 Labels Clause
4.12 Limits of Liability	11.9.2 Brands and Trademark Clause
4.13 Per Bottom Limit	11.10 Control of Damaged Goods
4.14 Location Limit	11.11 Claused Bill of Lading
4.15 Meaning of Location	11.12 Commingling
4.16 Accumulation at Ports of Loading and Discharge	11.13 Concealed Damage (Delayed Discovery of Loss)
4.17 Location Limit and Overseas Buyers	11.14 Containers
4.18 Limits and Co-Assureds	11.14.1 Container Fitness
4.19 Limits of Liability and Condition of Average	11.14.2 Container Demurrage
4.20 Limit Per Location and Freight Forwarders	11.14.3 Container Handover
4.21 Accumulation Clause	11.14.4 Container Seals
4.22 Terms of Cover	11.15 Contingency
4.23 Declaration (Bordereau)	11.15.1 Incoterms® Rules Override Clause
4.24 Late Declaration or Omission to Declare	11.15.2 Cover for Fob (or Similar Purchases)
4.25 Certificate of Insurance	11.15.3 Seller’s Interest Cover
4.26 Hold Harmless Clause	11.15.4 Buyer’s Interest Cover
4.27 Web-based Certificate Generation (E-Marine)	11.16 Continuation Clause
4.28 Certificate Versus Open Cover Terms	11.17 Country Damage
4.29 Nature of Open Cover Contract ‘for’ or Contract ‘of ’ Insurance	11.18 Cutting Clause
4.30 Certificate Issued for Individual Export Voyage	11.19 Debris Removal
4.31 Words of Incorporation in the Certificate	11.20 Deck Cargo
4.32 Certificate Mentioning the Open Cover Number	11.21 Deductible Clause
4.33 Certificate Mentioning ‘All Other Terms as Per Open Cover’	11.22 Duty/Customs Duty and Taxes
4.34 Certificate Mentioning Entities ‘for Whom the Assured has Instruction to Insure’	11.23 Exchange Rate (Currency Conversion)
4.35 Rights of an Unpaid Seller	11.24 Export Subsidies and Similar
4.36 Conclusion	11.25 Fraudulent Bill of Lading
4.37 Annual Sales Turnover Policies	11.26 Full General Average
4.38 Annual Sales Turnover Policies – A Critique	11.27 Fumigation
4.39 Cargo (Stock) Throughput Policies	11.28 Governmental Damage
4.40 Advantages of Stock Throughput Policies	11.28.1 Customs Clause
4.41 Illustrations of a Stock Throughput Policy	11.28.2 Deliberate Damage – Pollution Hazard
4.42 Challenges in Administering Stock Throughput Covers	11.29 Jurisdiction
4.43 Process Clause in Stock Throughput Covers	11.30 Letter of Credit
4.44 Standard Exclusions in a Stock Throughput Policy	11.31 Loading and Unloading
5. Insuring Terms 1 – Institute Classification Clause	11.32 Location
5.1 Main Provisions	11.33 Mechanical and Electrical Derangement (MEED)
5.2 Age Limitation	11.33.1 Usage
5.3 Non-qualifying Vessels	11.33.2 Meaning
5.4 Summary	11.33.3 Damage Detection Devices – Shock and Tilt Monitors
5.5 Transhipping Vessels	11.34 Packing
5.6 Craft	11.35 Pair and Set
5.7 Classification Clause	11.36 Pipeline Clause
5.8 SOLAS 1974	11.37 Peak Value/Automatic Increased Value
5.9 The International Safety Management (ISM) Code	11.38 Process
5.9.1 ISM Code and Marine Insurance	11.39 Reissue
5.10 ISM Forwarding Charges	11.40 Returned Goods
5.10.1 Compliance with the ISM Code	11.41 Salvage Loss
5.11 Summary and Concluding Remarks	11.42 Shut-out Shipment
5.12 ISM and Classification	11.43 Sight Draft Extension
5.13 The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code	11.44 Sorting/Segregation
5.13.1 ISPS Endorsements	11.45 Trade Loss
5.13.2 ISPS – Implications for Cargo Assureds	11.46 Travel and Accommodation
6. Insuring Terms 2 – Institute Cargo Clauses (A), CL.382, 01.01.09	11.47 Waiver of Subrogation
6.1 Background to Changes	12. Insuring Terms 7 – War and Related Perils
6.2 General Changes	12.1 Institute War Clauses (Cargo) CL.385, 01.01.09
6.3 Major Changes	12.2 Perils
6.4 Perils Clause	12.2.1 War
6.4.1 All Risks	12.2.2 Civil War
6.4.2 General Average	12.2.3 Revolution, Rebellion and Insurrection
6.4.3 Both to Blame Collision Claus	12.2.4 Civil Strife
6.5 Exclusions	12.2.5 Hostile Act by or against a Belligerent Power
6.5.1 Wilful Misconduct	12.2.6 Capture
6.5.2 Ordinary Losses	12.2.7 Seizure
6.5.3 Poor Packaging	12.2.8 Arrest
6.5.4 Inherent Vice	12.2.9 Restraint
6.5.5 Delay	12.2.10 Detainment
6.5.6 Insolvency	12.2.11 “… and the consequences thereof or any attempt thereat”
6.5.7 Nuclear or Radioactive Devices	12.2.12 Derelict Mines etc
6.5.8 Unseaworthiness	12.3 Exclusions
6.5.9 Hostile Acts	12.3.1 The Frustration Clause
6.5.10 Strikes	12.3.2 Hostile Use of Weapons or Devices
6.6 Duration of Cover – 1	12.4 Waterborne Agreement
6.6.1 Background to Duration Clause, 2009 Edition	12.4.1 Duration
6.7 The Duration Clause in ICC 2009	12.4.2 Reattachment Provision (‘Held Covered’)
6.7.1 Attachment	12.4.3 Craft
6.7.2 Ordinary Course of Transit	12.5 Institute Strike, Riot, Civil Commotion (SRCC) CL 386, 01.01.09
6.7.3 Termination	12.5.1 Strike
6.8 Duration Clause Scenarios	12.5.2 Locked-out Workmen
6.8.1 Attachment of Cover Scenarios	12.5.3 Labour Disturbances
6.8.2 Continuation Scenario	12.5.4 Riot
6.8.3 Termination Scenarios	12.5.5 Civil Commotion
6.9 Other Markets	12.6 Terrorism
6.10 Duration of Cover – 2	12.7 General Average (GA)
6.10.1 Additional Premium under Clause 9	12.8 Exclusions
6.10.2 Can the Insurer Deny Extension of Cover Upon Receiving Notice under Clause 9?	12.8.1 Exclusion 3.7
6.11 Change of Voyage	12.8.2 Exclusion 3.8
6.11.1 Clause 10.2 – the Phantom Ship	12.8.3 Exclusion 3.10
6.12 Claims	12.9 Cancellation Clause in Open Covers
6.13 Forwarding Charges	12.10 Institute Malicious Damage Clause, CL.266, 01.08.82
6.13.1 Clause 12 – a ‘Supplementary Contract’?	12.11 Institute Radioactive Contamination (RACE) Clause
6.14 Constructive Total Loss	12.11.1 Extended Race Clause, No 356A/01.11.02
6.15 Increased Value	12.11.2 Dirty Bombs
6.16 Benefit of Insurance	12.11.3 Further Amendment Clause, No 370/10.11.03
6.17 Minimising Losses	12.11.4 Termination of Transit Clause (Terrorism) 2009, JC2009/056, 01.01.09
6.18 Waiver	12.12 Cyber Attack
6.19 Avoidance of Delay	13. Rejection Risks
6.20 Law and Practice	13.1 Origin of Rejection Risks Covers
6.21 Note	13.2 Concurrent Causation – Applicability to Exclusion 6.2/6.4
6.22 Premium to be Arranged – is there an Upper Limit?	13.3 Need for Rejection Risks
7. Inherent Vice and Delay Exclusions	13.4 Rejection Risks Insurance
7.1 Inherent Vice	13.5 Analysis of London May 1975 Rejection Clause
7.2 Meaning of Inherent Vice	13.6 Duration
7.3 Examples of Inherent Vice	13.6.1 Attachment
7.4 Mechanism of Condensation	13.6.2 Termination
7.5 Leading Case Law on Inherent Vice	13.7 Rejection Covers in other Major Markets
7.5.1 E D Sassoon & Co Ltd v Yorkshire Insurance Co (1923)	13.8 Underwriting Factors
7.5.2 C T Bowring & Co Ltd v Amsterdam London Insurance Co Ltd (1930)	13.9 Warranties
7.5.3 Soya GmbH Mainz Kommanditgesellschaft v White (1983)	14. Contract Certainty in Policies
7.5.4 Noten BV v Harding (1990)	14.1 Introduction
7.5.5 Mayban General Insurance BHD v Alstom Power Plants Ltd (2004)	14.2 Ambiguities
7.5.6 Nelson Marketing International Inc v Royal and Sun Alliance Insurance Co of	14.3 Contra Proferentem Rule
Canada (2005)	14.4 Ambiguities and Gaps in Coverage – Why they Arise
7.5.7 Feuiltault Solution Systems Inc v Zurich Canada (2021)	14.4.1 The Mining Industry
7.5.8 Global PROCESS Systems Inc and Another v Syarikat Takaful Malaysia Berhad	14.4.2 The Pharmaceutical Industry
(the ‘Cendor MOPU’) (2011)	14.5 Limitation to Contra Rule
7.5.9 ACE European Group Ltd and Others v Chartis Insurance UK Ltd (2012)	14.6 Interpreting Policy Terms – The Rise of Factual Matrix/Commercial Common Sense

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