Published: September 2024
Author: BIMCO, International Chamber of Shipping and Witherby Publishing Group
This practical and easy to understand workbook supports the owner, Master and the ship's crew with cyber security risk management.
It contains comprehensive checklists to support the day-to-day management of onboard cyber security and facilitates collaboration between ships, onshore IT departments and equipment manufacturers.
Cyber risk management should be an inherent part of safety and security and should be considered at all levels of the company, including senior management ashore and onboard personnel.
This Workbook has been designed as a practical, straightforward guide to support the Master and officers on board ship (Part I ? Onboard Practical Considerations). It is designed to facilitate understanding and good collaboration between individual ships, onshore IT departments and equipment manufacturers (Part II ? Shore Management Considerations). The Workbook may also be useful to the wider maritime industry.
The sixth edition has been produced and supported by BIMCO and the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS).
The Workbook has been fully revised and updated and contains new guidance on:
- Industry guidelines and regulatory requirements, including IACS UR E26 and E27
- cyber security in port
- ship inspections and port state control
- malware detection and prevention
- phishing risks.
Detailed case studies and diagrams have been added to help illustrate cyber risks. The Workbook contains 14 checklists and 7 annexes, including Cyber Security Risk Assessment and Creating a Cyber Security Plan.
Table of Contents
Foreword
Abbreviations/Definitions
Introduction
Section 1 - Regulations and Guidance
1.1 IMO Requirements
1.1.1 Designated Roles and Responsibilities
1.2 The Guidelines on Cyber Security Onboard Ships
1.3 Additional Industry Guidelines
1.3.1 IACS (International Association of Classification Societies)
1.3.2 Non-Governmental Organisaitons (NGOs)
1.4 Regional Regulatory Guidance
1.4.1 UK
1.4.2 EU
1.4.3 USA
1.5 Guidance on Mitigation Strategies for IT
1.5.1 Essential Eight Maturity Model
1.5.2 Cyber Essentials
1.5.3 IMO Insider Threat Toolkit
Part One - Onboard Practical Considerations
Section 2 - Identifying Risks
2.1 Vulnerable Ship Systems
2.2 What is a Maritime Cyber Attack?
2.3 Threats
2.4 Types of Cyber Attack
2.5 Social Engineering
2.5.1 Tailgating
2.5.2 Email Phishing
2.5.3 Spear Phishing
2.5.4 Man-in-the-Middle Attacks
2.5.5 Phone or text messages
2.5.6 Multi-Factor Authentication Phishing
2.6 Ransomware
Section 3 - Protection and Prevention: General Principles
3.1 Prevention of Malware Attacks
3.2 Software Updates
3.2.1 Updating Programs that are not Part of the Operating System
3.3 Endpoint Protection/Security Suite
3.3.1 Endpoint Protection Updates
3.3.2 Checking Whether the Endpoint Protection Suite is up to Date
3.3.3 Other Security Tools in Windows
3.4 Passwords
3.4.1 Creating Passwords
3.4.2 Password Length
3.4.3 Managing Passwords
3.4.4 Handover of Passwords
3.4.5 Passkeys
3.4.6 Usernames
3.5 Cyber Security and the SMS
3.5.1 Cyber Security and the Ship Security Plan (SSP)
3.6 Ship Inspections and Port State Control
3.6.1 Focus of Inspections
3.6.2 US Port State Control
3.6.3 European Union
3.6.4 Other Inspections
Section 4 - Crew Considerations and Training
4.1 Key Aspects of Crew Training
4.2 Cyber Security Familiarisation for Crew
4.3 Training for Non-crewmembers
4.4 Designing a Training Programme
4.5 Unintentional Cyber Breaches by the Crew
4.6 Planning a Crew Training Session
4.7 Cyber Security Drills
4.7.1 Generic Drill Scenario
4.8 Social Media
4.9 Travelling in Cyber Safe Mode
Section 5 - Detect, Respond and Recover: General Principles
5.1 Detecting a Cyber Incident
5.1.1 Introduction
5.1.2 Useful Tools Available to Help Detect Possible Malware
5.2 Incident Response
5.2.1 Third-party Support
5.2.2 Cyber Recovery Plan
5.2.3 Backups
Section 6 - External Communications and Ship in Port
6.1 Satellite Communications (Satcom) Equipment
6.1.1 Satcom Passwords
6.1.2 Satcom Visibility on the Public Internet
6.1.3 Satcom Software Updates
6.1.4 Physical Security of the Satellite Terminal
6.1.5 Software Security of the Satellite System
6.2 Cyber Security Risks in Port
6.2.1 Mobile (Cellular) Data Connections
6.2.2 Connecting to Shore WiFi in Port
Section 7 - Ship's Business Systems
7.1 Network Segregation On Board
7.1.1 Segregated Networks
7.1.2 Achieving a Segregated Network
7.1.3 Maintaining a Segregated Network
7.1.4 Benefits of Network Segregation
7.1.5 Vulnerable Systems On Board
7.1.6 Defence in Breadth and Depth
7.2 Wireless Networks On Board
7.2.1 Business WiFi
7.2.2 Crew WiFi
7.2.3 Guest Access
7.2.4 WiFi Network Security
7.2.5 Virtual Private Network (VPN)
7.3 Onboard Business Computers
7.3.1 USB Ports and Drives
7.3.2 USB Port Blockers
7.3.3 USB Cleaning Stations
7.3.4 Tablets
7.3.5 Personal Devices and USB Ports
7.3.6 Configuring Business Computers to Minimise the Risks of Cyber Attack
7.4 Passenger Ship IT Systems
7.4.1 Passenger Services
7.4.2 Other Considerations
Section 8 - OT Systems
8.1 Understanding OT Systems
8.2 Engine Department Considerations
8.3 Cargo Management
8.4 ECDIS Security
8.4.1 Updates
8.4.2 Physical Security
8.4.3 ECDIS Recovery
8.4.4 Recognising Genuine NAVTEX Messages
8.4.5 Digital navigational data system (NAVDAT)
8.5 GNSS Security
8.5.1 GNSS Input Data
8.6 Other Bridge Systems
8.6.1 VDR
8.6.2 AIS
Part Two - Shore Management Considerations
Section 9 - Key Considerations
9.1 Cooperation Between the Office Departments and their Suppliers
9.1.1 IT Department and Technical Department
9.1.2 Securing the Supply Chain
9.1.3 Company Cyber Security Working Group
9.2 Cooperation Between the Office and the Ship?s Crew
9.2.1 Maritime Cyber Security Management
9.2.2 Cyber Security and the Safety Management System (SMS)
9.2.3 Cyber Security and the Ship Security Plan (SSP)
9.2.4 Onboard Resources According to Ship Type
9.3 Ship's Network Architecture
9.3.1 IDMZ
9.3.2 Data Diodes (Unidirectional Gateways)
Section 10 - OT Systems Management
10.1 OT Asset Management and Risk Assessment
10.1.1 Asset Management
10.1.2 Asset Risk Assessment
10.2 Securing OT Systems
10.3 Securing the Ethernet IP Network Used by OT Systems
10.3.1 Converter Security
10.4 Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
Section 11 - IT Systems Management
11.1 Remote Access
11.1.1 Protection Measures
11.2 Vulnerability Scanning (Cyber Audit)
11.2.1 Performing a Vulnerability Scan
11.3 Penetration (Pen) Testing
11.3.1 Carrying out a Pen Test
11.3.2 Benefits of a Pen Test
11.4 Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR)
11.4.1 Extended Detection and Response (XDR)
11.5 Disaster Recovery from Backup
11.5.1 Backup Strategy
11.6 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) for IT/OT Systems
Checklists
Checklist 1 - Cyber Security Familiarisation for New Crewmembers
Checklist 2 - Cyber Security Crew Training
Checklist 3 - Detecting a Cyber Incident
Checklist 4 - Responding to a Cyber Incident On Board
Checklist 5 - Onboard Business Computer
Checklist 6 - Network Segregation
Checklist 7 - Networks (Wireless and Wired)
Checklist 8 - Satellite Communications
Checklist 9 - OT Systems for Crew
Checklist 10 - ECDIS Cyber Security
Checklist 11 - Cyber Security Checks on the Navigation Bridge
Checklist 12 - Asset Management and Risk Assessment
Checklist 13 - OT Systems for IT Department
Checklist 14 - Remote Access
