Published: May 2023
This book provides those who are training to become pilots, Masters and officers, or anyone else who is likely to be required to manoeuvre ships, with practical ship handling information on which they can build their own strategy for learning and improvement. It provides guidance on the stages and potential risks of each manoeuvre and highlights some of the less obvious features affecting the pilotage of ships.
The second edition reflects the rapid changes in the world of shipping since the publication of the first edition in 2001. The book begins with an ‘Overview of Propulsion, Steering and Bridge Systems’, followed by ‘Basic Principles’, which every reader must understand to be able to manoeuvre a ship, before moving on to more specialised areas such as berthing, towing and anchoring.
Table of Contents
Preface to the Second Edition iii
Preface to the First Edition iv
Introduction xi
Chapter 1 – Overview of Propulsion, Steering and Bridge Systems
1.1 Main Engine Propulsion Systems
1.1.1 Slow speed diesel engines
1.1.2 Medium/high speed diesel engines
1.1.3 Steam boiler and turbine
1.1.4 Dual fuel diesel electric
1.1.5 Other systems
1.2 Steering Systems
1.2.1 Steering gear
1.2.2 Autopilot
1.2.3 Emergency steering
1.3 Rudders
1.3.1 Types of rudder
1.4 Propellers
1.4.1 Fixed pitch
1.4.2 Variable (controllable) pitch
1.4.3 Ducted propeller (Kort nozzle)
1.5 Thrusters
1.5.1 Bow/stern thrusters
1.5.2 Azimuth thruster
1.5.3 Dynamic positioning (DP)
1.5.4 Jet thruster
1.6 Bridge Systems
1.6.1 Integrated bridge system
1.6.2 Integrated navigation systems
1.6.3 Power supply
1.6.4 Alarm systems
Chapter 2 – Basic Principles
2.1 Pivot Point
2.2 Manoeuvring Speed
2.3 Turning
2.3.1 Resistance when turning
2.3.2 Rate of turn (RoT)
2.4 Slowing Down
2.4.1 Slowing down with a conventional propeller
2.4.2 Slowing down with a controllable pitch propeller
2.4.3 Slowing down with azimuth propulsion.
2.4.4 Rudder cycling
2.4.5 Astern movements
2.5 Transverse Thrust
2.5.1 Wedge effect
2.6 Turning Diameter
2.7 Short Round Turn
2.8 Emergency Turns
2.8.1 Anderson turn
2.8.2 Williamson turn
2.8.3 Scharnow turn
2.9 Using a Thruster
2.10 Ships with Multiple Propellers
2.10.1 Two fixed pitch propellers (rotating outwards)
2.10.2 Two fixed pitch propellers (rotating inwards)
2.10.3 Two variable pitch propellers (rotating outwards)
2.10.4 Two variable pitch propellers (rotating inwards)
2.11 Stopping
2.11.1 Stopping with a fix ed pitch propeller
2.11.2 Stopping with variable pitch propeller(s)
2.11.3 Emergency stopping distance (crash stop)
2.11.4 Method of smallest advance
Chapter 3 – External Forces
3.1 Wind
3.1.1 Drifting moment
3.1.2 Drifting heading
3.1.3 Wind force moment
3.1.4 Set and drift
3.1.5 River wind phenomenon
3.1.6 Wind effect on turning
3.2 Tide and Current
3.2.1 Stemming the tide
3.2.2 Currents
3.3 Waves
3.3.1 Rotational ship motion
3.3.2 Translational ship motion
3.3.3 Responding to forces
Chapter 4 – UKC, Squat and Interaction
4.1 Underkeel Clearance (UKC)
4.2 Squat
4.3 Interaction
4.3.1 Ships on reciprocal courses
4.3.2 Overtaking
4.4 Drag
4.5 Bank Effect
Chapter 5 – Manoeuvring in Shallow Water
5.1 Heel when Turning
5.2 Turning Circles
Chapter 6 – Manoeuvring in Narrow Channels
6.1 Narrow Channels
6.2 Waves in a Narrow Channel
6.3 Navigating a B end in a Narrow Channel
6.4 Axes within a Narrow Channel
6.4.1 Geometric axis
6.4.2 Hydrographic axis
6.4.3 Dynamic axis
Chapter 7 – Manoeuvring in Heavy Weather
7.1 Hogging, Sagging and Twisting
7.2 Heavy Weather Concerns (from Ahead)
7.2.1 Slamming
7.2.2 Shipping seas
7.2.3 Propeller racing/overspeeding
7.2.4 Torque-rich engine
7.3 Heavy Weather Concerns (from Astern)
7.3.1 Broaching-to
7.3.2 Reduction in stability
7.3.3 Parametric rolling
7.4 Heavy Weather on the Beam
7.4.1 Synchronous rolling
7.5 Actions to Take in Heavy Weather
7.5.1 Seas from ahead
7.5.2 Seas from astern
7.5.3 Seas on the beam
Chapter 8 – Tugs
8.1 Types of Tugs
8.1.1 Conventional
8.1.2 Tractor (Voith Schneider)
8.1.3 Azimuth stern drive (ASD)
8.2 Use of Tugs
8.2.1 Turning
8.2.2 Berthing
8.2.3 Unberthing
8.3 General Precautions
8.3.1 Taking up or releasing a towline
8.3.2 Capsizing (girting)
Chapter 9 – Berthing Guidance
9.1 Berthing
9.1.1 Without tugs
9.1.2 With tugs
9.1.3 With thrusters
9.1.4 Against the current
9.1.5 With the current
9.2 Unberthing
9.2.1 Without tugs
9.2.2 With tugs
9.2.3 With thrusters
9.2.4 Against the current
9.2.5 With the current
9.3 Electronic Berthing Aids
9.3.1 Portable pilot unit (PPU)
9.3.2 Sensors and pilot support systems
Chapter 10 – Anchoring
10.1 Approaching an Anchor age
10.2 Anchoring
10.2.1 Dropping the anchor
10.2.2 Walking out the anchor
10.2.3 Heaving anchor
10.3 Anchoring with T wo Anchors
10.3.1 Open moor
10.3.2 Standing moor
10.3.3 Running moor
10.4 Berthing Using an Anchor
10.4.1 Berthing bow first
10.4.2 Berthing stern first
10.4.3 Mediterranean moor
10.4.4 Baltic moor
10.4.5 Precautions when using an anchor to berth
10.5 Turning Using an Anchor
10.5.1 Precautions when turning using an anchor
Chapter 11 – Towing
11.1 General Towing Guidance
11.2 Passage Towing
11.3 Escort Towing
11.4 Towing in Port
11.5 Towing in Heavy Weather
11.6 Barge Towing
11.6.1 Multiple barges
11.6.2 Towing alongside
11.6.3 Pushing ahead
11.6.4 Double towing
11.6.5 Tandem or in-line t owing
11.7 Emergency Towing
Chapter 12 – Pilotage
12.1 Bridge Resource Management (BRM)
12.2 Pilotage Passage Plan
12.3 Pilot Boarding
12.4 Pilot On Board
12.5 Master/Pilot Exchange
12.6 Conning the Ship
